As I was reading Advise and Consent
this week I came across the word depredation, which reminded me of the words deprecation and degradation, and made me wonder if the two have the same root. As I looked at
my list of words covered to make sure I had not already written about one or
the other I was reminded of a word from a previous post that should have been mentioned in one of my posts on abs, abjure. I came across it at the end of January while reading Elizabeth
Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese. Does it have the same
root as adjure?
It
turns out that all three words have different roots. Degradation is
pretty straightforward, and means the act of degrading, or lowering in dignity
or estimation, in character or quality. Degrade came to English earlier than
degradation, in the late 1300s versus the 1530s. Degrade came from the Old
French word degrader, which meant to
deprive someone of their rank or office. They got it from desgradus, a Latin word that meant a step down (gradus + des-). The French word dégradation came
from the Medieval Latin word degradationem, a form of degradus.
So degradation can be remembered as tantamount to the old Western movie image
of someone “losing their stripes” and being demoted to a lower grade of
soldier.
Depredation,
or the act of preying upon someone or plundering a place, came to English in
the late 15th century, also from the Middle French. Their word depredation
came from the Late Latin word deprædationem, which is Latin for thoroughly
plundering. (Plundering is prædari, and the prefix de- indicates
totality.) There is a verb form of the word, depredate, but it is not used
nearly as much as the verb form depredation.
Abjure and
adjure, on the other hand, have the same root word. It is the Latin word for
taking an oath, iurare.
In the case
of abjure, the prefixed ab- is Latin
for “away”, so abjure is taking away your oath or retracting it. It came to
English in the early 1400s from the Middle French word abjurer, although it is possible it came directly from the Latin
word abiurare, which means “deny on
oath.”
The prefix ad-, when affixed to iurare, changes the meaning from simply
an oath to the act of confirming by an oath, or to swear to in addition to
stating. In Late Latin adiurare meant
to put someone to or under an oath. Adjure
was first used in English in the late 1300s, or slightly before abjure. It was
not until people were put under oath that they could retract the oath they had
taken.
And that
word iurare is the source of a number
of words, which you will have to wait until next week to read about in this
blog. I must be prudent and keep the blog post fairly short. But just to get
you wondering, what does prudence have to do with iurare?
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